Volume 20, Issue 2 (3-2027)
مرتع 2027, 20(2): 0-0 |
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Erfanzadeh R, Hazhir S. The variability of soil biological parameters under the influence of climate and livestock grazing (the studied areas: Peshert rangelands in Kiasar, Mazandaran province and Ergi Boghaz in Gonbad Kavoos in Golestan province). مرتع 2027; 20 (2)
URL: http://rangelandsrm.ir/article-1-1285-en.html
URL: http://rangelandsrm.ir/article-1-1285-en.html
Tarbiat Modares University
Abstract: (45 Views)
Background and objectives: Any action to disrupt the balance in the soil leads to different consequences in its components. Biological and abiotic stresses affect the components of this ecosystem, including microbial activities. Microorganisms are a faster indicator for measuring the quality and health of the soil and they quickly react to environmental changes and stressful factors such as climate changes and excessive livestock grazing, and by measuring them, you can understand the amount and type of changes in the soil ecosystem. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of climate and livestock grazing on some soil biological indicators such as basal respiration, substrate-induced respiration, metabolic rate index, carbon availability index, microbial contribution and urease enzyme activity.
Materials and methods: In order to conduct the research, two habitats with different climatic characteristics and grazing intensities were selected after the field survey. The first study area was selected in 110 km southeast of Sari and in the rangelands of Peshert, where the average annual rainfall was 375 mm. The climate of the region was determined based on the cold semi-humid Dumarten's method. Another study area named Ergi Boghaz was selected in the east of Golestan province and 35 kilometers away from Gonbad Kavus city. In terms of climate, it had mild winters and hot and dry summers. The average annual rainfall in this area was estimated to be 220 mm, and based on Dumarten's classification, this area was classified as a dry climate. In order to carry out sampling, a grazed and an ungrazed sites were selected in each area, and 6 1x1 plots were randomly placed inside each of these sites. 12 plots were considered separately in each region with a special climate and 24 plots in total. Inside each plot, 10 soil cores were randomly taken using an auger with a diameter of 5 cm at two depths of 0-5 and 10-5. In order to investigate the effect of livestock grazing, different climate and depth and the simultaneous effect of these treatments on soil parameters, a general linear model test (three-way ANOVA) was used and independent t-test was used to compare these parameters in two sites of grazing and grazing in each habitat.
Results: The results showed that metabolic coefficient index, carbon availability index, stimulated respiration and urease enzyme had significant differences under the effect of climate treatment. Microbial (substrate-induced respiration) respiration with an average of 0.39 was significantly higher in Peshert habitat than in Ergi Boghaz habitat with an average of 0.30. The activity of urease enzyme was also higher in Peshert with an average of 48.56 than in Ergi Boghaz with an average of 16.44. In addition, livestock grazing had a significant effect on this parameter and the activity level of this enzyme was higher in the ungrazed site at a depth of 0-5 cm than in the grazed site at a depth of 5-10 cm. Livestock grazing had a significant effect on carbon availability index, basal respiration, and substrate-induced respiration.
Conclusion: The presence of high amounts of organic carbon, nitrogen and sufficient moisture in the Peshert habitat and being safe from the destructive effects of livestock grazing in the ungrazed area site led to the possibility of the activity of the population of microorganisms in the soil, the absorption of enzyme molecules on the surfaces of organic colloids and the improvement of the conditions in these habitats. It can be stated that the type of rangeland management can influence the chemical and microbial characteristics of the soil. In this research, significant changes in the amount of soil elements were seen with the removal of grazing.
Materials and methods: In order to conduct the research, two habitats with different climatic characteristics and grazing intensities were selected after the field survey. The first study area was selected in 110 km southeast of Sari and in the rangelands of Peshert, where the average annual rainfall was 375 mm. The climate of the region was determined based on the cold semi-humid Dumarten's method. Another study area named Ergi Boghaz was selected in the east of Golestan province and 35 kilometers away from Gonbad Kavus city. In terms of climate, it had mild winters and hot and dry summers. The average annual rainfall in this area was estimated to be 220 mm, and based on Dumarten's classification, this area was classified as a dry climate. In order to carry out sampling, a grazed and an ungrazed sites were selected in each area, and 6 1x1 plots were randomly placed inside each of these sites. 12 plots were considered separately in each region with a special climate and 24 plots in total. Inside each plot, 10 soil cores were randomly taken using an auger with a diameter of 5 cm at two depths of 0-5 and 10-5. In order to investigate the effect of livestock grazing, different climate and depth and the simultaneous effect of these treatments on soil parameters, a general linear model test (three-way ANOVA) was used and independent t-test was used to compare these parameters in two sites of grazing and grazing in each habitat.
Results: The results showed that metabolic coefficient index, carbon availability index, stimulated respiration and urease enzyme had significant differences under the effect of climate treatment. Microbial (substrate-induced respiration) respiration with an average of 0.39 was significantly higher in Peshert habitat than in Ergi Boghaz habitat with an average of 0.30. The activity of urease enzyme was also higher in Peshert with an average of 48.56 than in Ergi Boghaz with an average of 16.44. In addition, livestock grazing had a significant effect on this parameter and the activity level of this enzyme was higher in the ungrazed site at a depth of 0-5 cm than in the grazed site at a depth of 5-10 cm. Livestock grazing had a significant effect on carbon availability index, basal respiration, and substrate-induced respiration.
Conclusion: The presence of high amounts of organic carbon, nitrogen and sufficient moisture in the Peshert habitat and being safe from the destructive effects of livestock grazing in the ungrazed area site led to the possibility of the activity of the population of microorganisms in the soil, the absorption of enzyme molecules on the surfaces of organic colloids and the improvement of the conditions in these habitats. It can be stated that the type of rangeland management can influence the chemical and microbial characteristics of the soil. In this research, significant changes in the amount of soil elements were seen with the removal of grazing.
Keywords: metabolic rate, soil microbial respiration, carbon availability index, urease enzyme, climate changes, livestock grazing
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Special
Received: 2024/09/14 | Accepted: 2026/02/27 | Published: 2027/03/1
Received: 2024/09/14 | Accepted: 2026/02/27 | Published: 2027/03/1
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