Volume 18, Issue 2 (7-2024)
مرتع 2024, 18(2): 326-341 |
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Joneidi H, Bahmannejad M. The Effect of Phenological Stages on the Quantity and Quality of Essential Oil in Camphorosma monspeliaca in Qorveh Region of Kurdistan Province. مرتع 2024; 18 (2) :326-341
URL: http://rangelandsrm.ir/article-1-1252-en.html
URL: http://rangelandsrm.ir/article-1-1252-en.html
Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran and University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj
Abstract: (845 Views)
Background and objectives: Numerous studies have demonstrated the impact of phenological stages on the essential compounds of plants. Camphorosma monspeliaca L., a perennial plant from the Chenopodiaceae family, is a key indicator species in rangelands, thriving in wet and saline soils. In Kurdistan province, the habitat of this species is rapidly diminishing. There is a lack of literature on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of its essential oil. This study aims to identify and compare the chemical compounds of C. monspeliaca essential oil at different growth stages to determine the optimal harvest time for maximum yield.
Methodology: To investigate the effect of phenological stages on the quantity and quality of C. monspeliaca essential oil, a winter rangeland in Qorveh region, Kurdistan province, was selected. The area has a cold semi-arid climate and experiences inundation during wet seasons due to low soil infiltration capacity. Eighteen foliage samples were collected at vegetative growth (spring) and flowering (summer) stages using a systematic-randomized procedure. After air-drying in the shade, combined samples from each six samples were prepared, resulting in three samples per vegetative stage for laboratory analysis. Essential oil extraction was performed through water distillation, and the obtained oil was analyzed using Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The relative percentage of each compound was calculated from the undercurve area in the GC spectrum. Compounds were identified using inhibition time, Kovats index, mass spectra comparison with standard compounds, and existing data in mass databases. Data analysis was conducted using independent student t-tests in SPSS software.
Results: A total of 91 compounds were identified at both vegetative growth and flowering stages, with 90 compounds common to both stages. Essential oil yield was higher at the flowering stage (12.0%) compared to the vegetative growth stage (0.071%). The predominant compounds at the vegetative stage were Citronellal and alpha-Pinene, while at the flowering stage, they were alpha-Pinene and endo-1-Bourbonanol. The amounts of endo-1-Bourbonanol and pentanoate were 3.14% and 2.27% higher at the flowering stage than at the vegetative stage. Cembrene A-(3Z) was a specific compound of the vegetative growth stage, absent at the flowering stage, while n-Nonadecane was specific to the flowering stage.
Conclusion: Phenological stages significantly affect the quantity and quality of essential oil compounds in C. monspeliaca. The flowering stage is recommended as the optimal harvest time for maximum essential oil yield. For the acquisition of alpha-Pinene, the flowering stage is also the most appropriate harvest time.
Methodology: To investigate the effect of phenological stages on the quantity and quality of C. monspeliaca essential oil, a winter rangeland in Qorveh region, Kurdistan province, was selected. The area has a cold semi-arid climate and experiences inundation during wet seasons due to low soil infiltration capacity. Eighteen foliage samples were collected at vegetative growth (spring) and flowering (summer) stages using a systematic-randomized procedure. After air-drying in the shade, combined samples from each six samples were prepared, resulting in three samples per vegetative stage for laboratory analysis. Essential oil extraction was performed through water distillation, and the obtained oil was analyzed using Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The relative percentage of each compound was calculated from the undercurve area in the GC spectrum. Compounds were identified using inhibition time, Kovats index, mass spectra comparison with standard compounds, and existing data in mass databases. Data analysis was conducted using independent student t-tests in SPSS software.
Results: A total of 91 compounds were identified at both vegetative growth and flowering stages, with 90 compounds common to both stages. Essential oil yield was higher at the flowering stage (12.0%) compared to the vegetative growth stage (0.071%). The predominant compounds at the vegetative stage were Citronellal and alpha-Pinene, while at the flowering stage, they were alpha-Pinene and endo-1-Bourbonanol. The amounts of endo-1-Bourbonanol and pentanoate were 3.14% and 2.27% higher at the flowering stage than at the vegetative stage. Cembrene A-(3Z) was a specific compound of the vegetative growth stage, absent at the flowering stage, while n-Nonadecane was specific to the flowering stage.
Conclusion: Phenological stages significantly affect the quantity and quality of essential oil compounds in C. monspeliaca. The flowering stage is recommended as the optimal harvest time for maximum essential oil yield. For the acquisition of alpha-Pinene, the flowering stage is also the most appropriate harvest time.
Keywords: Camphorosma monspeliaca, Essential compounds, Phenological stages, Alpha-Pinene, Medicinal herbs, Essential oil yield.
Type of Study: Applicable |
Subject:
Special
Received: 2024/03/11 | Accepted: 2024/06/20 | Published: 2024/07/31
Received: 2024/03/11 | Accepted: 2024/06/20 | Published: 2024/07/31
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