Volume 18, Issue 2 (7-2024)
مرتع 2024, 18(2): 306-325 |
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Zamani Z, Mahjoub Z, Tamartash R. Effect of Using Urban Sewage Wastewater on Quantitative and Qualitative Performance of Pelargonium graveolens L.. مرتع 2024; 18 (2) :306-325
URL: http://rangelandsrm.ir/article-1-1247-en.html
URL: http://rangelandsrm.ir/article-1-1247-en.html
Department of Rangeland Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari
Abstract: (754 Views)
Background and objectives: Increasing population growth and demand for water and food, coupled with limited water resources and recent droughts, have directed attention towards the use of unconventional water sources. This research aims to investigate the effects of different levels of irrigation with urban sewage effluent on the quantitative and qualitative yield of Pelargonium graveolens.
Methodology: This study was conducted in a completely randomized design with five levels of sewage effluent (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) and three repetitions under pot cultivation conditions in Ramzanpur greenhouse, Babol city. Laboratory analysis was performed at Babol Water Factory and the University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari. Variables measured included the number of root branches, stem length, leaf area index, number of leaves, number of lateral branches, fresh and dry weight of the plant, and the compounds extracted from the essential oil of the aerial parts before the flowering stage. Essential oil was extracted using a Clevenger apparatus and analyzed with a gas chromatograph connected to a mass spectrometer. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS software.
Results: The qualitative analysis of Pelargonium graveolens revealed 12 compounds in the GC/MS output. Variance analysis indicated that sewage effluent significantly affected stem length (p≤0.05), leaf area index (p≤0.01), and all essential oils (p≤0.01). The highest stem length was observed at 75% effluent (174.74 cm) and the highest leaf area index at 100% effluent (4.95). The compounds Butanoic Acid, Geraniol, β-bourbonene, δ-cadinene, and Spathulenol showed significant differences at all levels. Correlation analysis demonstrated significant relationships between morphological attributes and essential oil compounds. Notably, stem length had a high negative correlation with Geraniol (R≥0.7, p≤0.01) and a negative moderate correlation with 2,6-octadiene (0.5≤r≤0.7, p≤0.05). The number of leaves correlated negatively with 2,6-octadiene, while Germacrene D had a positive correlation with leaf area. Plant dry weight showed a negative moderate correlation with δ-cadinene.
Conclusion: Pelargonium graveolens can maintain quantitative and qualitative growth for at least one growing season when irrigated with a mixture of 50% wastewater and 50% normal water. The use of wastewater positively influenced soil nutrients, resulting in proper growth, increased biomass, and enhanced production of secondary metabolites. It is recommended to use urban wastewater in accordance with existing standards for irrigating this plant, especially under water shortage conditions.
Methodology: This study was conducted in a completely randomized design with five levels of sewage effluent (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) and three repetitions under pot cultivation conditions in Ramzanpur greenhouse, Babol city. Laboratory analysis was performed at Babol Water Factory and the University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari. Variables measured included the number of root branches, stem length, leaf area index, number of leaves, number of lateral branches, fresh and dry weight of the plant, and the compounds extracted from the essential oil of the aerial parts before the flowering stage. Essential oil was extracted using a Clevenger apparatus and analyzed with a gas chromatograph connected to a mass spectrometer. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS software.
Results: The qualitative analysis of Pelargonium graveolens revealed 12 compounds in the GC/MS output. Variance analysis indicated that sewage effluent significantly affected stem length (p≤0.05), leaf area index (p≤0.01), and all essential oils (p≤0.01). The highest stem length was observed at 75% effluent (174.74 cm) and the highest leaf area index at 100% effluent (4.95). The compounds Butanoic Acid, Geraniol, β-bourbonene, δ-cadinene, and Spathulenol showed significant differences at all levels. Correlation analysis demonstrated significant relationships between morphological attributes and essential oil compounds. Notably, stem length had a high negative correlation with Geraniol (R≥0.7, p≤0.01) and a negative moderate correlation with 2,6-octadiene (0.5≤r≤0.7, p≤0.05). The number of leaves correlated negatively with 2,6-octadiene, while Germacrene D had a positive correlation with leaf area. Plant dry weight showed a negative moderate correlation with δ-cadinene.
Conclusion: Pelargonium graveolens can maintain quantitative and qualitative growth for at least one growing season when irrigated with a mixture of 50% wastewater and 50% normal water. The use of wastewater positively influenced soil nutrients, resulting in proper growth, increased biomass, and enhanced production of secondary metabolites. It is recommended to use urban wastewater in accordance with existing standards for irrigating this plant, especially under water shortage conditions.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Special
Received: 2024/02/25 | Accepted: 2024/07/23 | Published: 2024/07/31
Received: 2024/02/25 | Accepted: 2024/07/23 | Published: 2024/07/31
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